There is no Such Thing as the Essential Nature of Man

There is no such thing as the Essential Nature of Man. What is a human identity, why do we have an urge to separate ourselves from animals and seek individualism as a species? Is there such a thing as an essential nature of man? In order to determine this, we must first define what an essential nature is. The dictionary defines nature as: 1. The material world and its phenomena. 2. The forces and processes that produce and control all the phenomena of the material world: the laws of nature. 3. The world of living things and the outdoors: the beauties of nature. 4. A primitive state of existence untouched and uninfluenced by civilization or artificiality. 5. Theology. Humankinds natural state as distinguished from the state of grace.†¦show more content†¦For this reason it requires a leap of faith, it will be difficult to ever prove, there are no experiments or such that we can cite as evidence. So, is there anything that can set us apart from animals? The first and most obvious concern raised when questioning the separation of man from animals is our common ancestry. In terms of evolution, all animals, and humans descended from one single ancestor. This would seem to imply that animals and we are related, at least by out ancestry, meaning that we would share many of our characteristics with them, meaning that there could not be an essential nature of man, because, we are animals. Another, very similar topic is the question of genetics. This raises several implications, it can be an argument for and against for an essential nature. Genetics tell us that our DNA is remarkably similar to that of all animals, it is merely slightly more complex, and there are very small differences between us and certain animals, such as the primates, suggesting that our nature is also analogous to that of animals. On the other hand though, it does separate us from the animals, a clear distinct ion on a genetic level proving us to be different from animals, at least in terms of number of chromosomes, we have more chromosomes than any other animal, we are different in this respect, meaning, that if our nature is related to our genes, then it is indeed specific only to us. This doesShow MoreRelatedEliza Gamble s Supremacy Of The Male1085 Words   |  5 Pagesand early twentieth centuries. Many of her arguments were geared towards Darwin’s point of view of man being ultimately superior over woman. Women have basic functions and characteristics as dictated by nature through evolution. Women are capable of social and emotional intelligence. They also play an important role as human beings and have various characteristics that are represented and essential to mankind. The social roles are an important factor and these issues affect women. The female isRead MoreComparing the Views of Socrates and Sigmund Freuds Civilization and Its Discontents882 Words   |  3 Pages what Freud calls primordial, instinctual drives which man must express at the cost of his own sanity are merely appetites, base passions of the body. (Freud, 8). These base passions, these instincts are not to be satisfied through gratification but to be transcended through reason. Mans quest in life is to know the good, obtaining virtue through that knowledge, and deriving happiness from virtue. The Repression of Mans Essential Nature by Society Freud believes that people are forced to repressRead More Pollution and Environment Essay - Man Must Dominate Nature and the Environment1714 Words   |  7 PagesMan Must Dominate Nature and the Environment      Ã‚   How shall we deal with the environment? is an ethical question much discussed, but rarely answered with any well-thought-out justifications. Rather, individuals attempting to answer it have often made claims stating that certain things are obvious. In this paper, I intend to analyze one of these ethical principles which is considered to be inherently obvious. For every culture has regarded certain things as obvious and needing no furtherRead MoreOedipus the King Essay1611 Words   |  7 PagesHow Fate and Oedipus’s own essential nature combine to make him a tragic hero? â€Å"Oedipus the King† by Sophocles is a very good play which talks about a guy who was fated to kill his father and married his mother. Aristotle defines â€Å"tragic hero as a person of great stature and virtue who becomes aware of a mortal defect within himself.† This defect leads to great tragedy. Oedipus’s own essential nature makes him a tragic hero because his ignorance (lack of knowledge) led him to his own destructionRead MoreGod Said, Let There Be Light, And There Was Light1287 Words   |  6 Pagesaction contrasts to what occurs later in the book of Genesis, where God forms man in his image and takes time to make man instead of just speaking man into existence. It relates to summary given in Snapshots by showing that before God created anything, there was nothing, and God’s first action was speaking light into being. Though this particular verse doesn’t speak of Jesus by name, it relates to elements of the Essential of Christian faith, by showing God. It show’s the reason that God deservesRead MoreINTRO: Theme is an essential part of every literary work and is developed by the employment of many900 Words   |  4 PagesINTRO: Theme is an essential part of every literary work and is developed by the employment of many poetic elements (n.a., Theme). Imagery is one of them, as sensory appeal and figurative language works with background experience to obtain a message. In the poem â€Å"In Spite of War,† poet Angela Morgan presents a theme that is demonstrated through nature imagery and personification. TS: As stated, Morgan uses nature imagery, specifically symbolism as its dominant facet, to establish the theme of theRead MoreThomas Hobbes Theory That Absolute Monarchy Is The Best Form Of Government1272 Words   |  6 PagesHuman nature signifies the set of principles that define how mankind operates on a daily basis. Generations have often debated the nature of man, with both optimistic and cynical views. Government represents the organized structure that controls man. In Leviathan, Thomas Hobbes advocates for an absolute monarchy to keep citizens well behaved because man is inherently self-interested. John Locke, on the other hand, depicts in Second Treatise of Government that a bipartite political society is theRead MoreSocial Contract Theory: Natural Rights and Personhood Within Democracy 1387 Words   |  6 Pagesnatural rights debates. For any theory of ethics or system of declaring natural rights which purports how man should be treated and/or to what rights he is so en titled must begin with what ‘man’ is. There is no doubt man has an inherent value that entities such as flies and trees lack. This value does not come from mere physical form, but from what comprises personhood; because these things can be separated from our physical form they can fail to be developed or instantiated within man’s physicalRead MoreThe Ethical Egoist: Whats the Problem in Plato’s The Republic, Socrates824 Words   |  3 PagesIn Plato’s The Republic, Socrates tries to explain the value of justice to man. Other educated Athenians challenge him, however Socrates pokes holes in all of their statements. Socrates argues that there are many problems with their views on social philosophy, especially when it comes to Thrasymachus’ idea of ethical egoism. Plato delivers his view of justice through Socrates when he responds to Thrasymachus, Glaucon, and Cephalus on the issue. Throughout the discussion, Plato never argues againstRead Mo reThe Permissive Objectification of Women1150 Words   |  5 PagesThe Permissive Objectification of Women The poems â€Å"On Sharing a Husband† and â€Å"Things Cheaply Had† illustrate the struggle of women to survive in a male dominated culture. Both poems express a straightforward idea of the objectification of women in two distinct cultures. A close investigation of imagery and diction in both poems reveal the permissive nature of the objectification of women. In accordance, both poems do not hide the idea of being objectified, but conceals the idea of a need to

Danger of Cell Phone Free Essays

In 2010, Opera Winfred, a talk show host, dedicated her show to nearly 500,000 people that re Injured and 6,000 that are killed each year because drivers are talking and testing while operating. Statistics and also real life events show If a person Is testing, talking and emailing on a mobile device while operating a motor vehicle Is a threat on the road. Fox News reported on 2008, a California Metro Link train carrying passenger collided with a freight train because the engineer who’s responsible for deleting the train was testing. We will write a custom essay sample on Danger of Cell Phone or any similar topic only for you Order Now Now only the engineer In question was kill but also 25 Innocent passengers, making it the deadliest accident to date that involved the use of mobile device. Studies show the use of mobile device can become an addiction just like a drug, which can ruin relationships, distract you from dangerous event and also initiate dangerous scenario. Huffing Post conducted a research call â€Å"Are You Addicted to Your Cell Phone? † Huffing Post concluded in their survey that 66 percent of American is afraid to be separated from their phone. Why is that percentage bad? It is bad because those individual who are afraid to be separated from there phone are addicted which resulted to neglect to other human body. This addiction also causes relationship breakup, family neglect and even made people lose their jobs. There is also some health concerns and risk that involves using your cell phone. As of 2010, there are over 303 million cell phone subscriber in the United State, according to Cellular telecommunication and Internet Association. A research was conducted by The National Cancer Institute showing cell phones emit radionuclide energy, a form of non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation, which can be absorbed by tissues closet to where the phone is held. Ohio State University had conducted a survey showing pedestrians treated in U. S. Emergency rooms for Injuries related to phone use while walking. Since 2005 that number had double. Now today In New York and many other states you will see on some streets the word â€Å"look† printed on the ground for those cell phone user that use their phone while walking. Cell user must beware of all concerns, health Issues and risk that Involve the use of a mobile device. If cell phone holders not able to put his or her cell phone away while operating a motor vehicle It can be a reason for a fatal accident. Someone relationship, love ones and employment could be terminated because of there addiction to a cell phone. Lastly excessive exposure of your hand held device to the cell phone device but Just be mindful of the effects it may cause. How to cite Danger of Cell Phone, Papers

Provision of Leisure Services as Private Goods

Question: Should the provision of leisure services be considered as a private good? Answer: Introduction Leisure service can be defined as the part of the day in which there is no involvement of the workers in the income and earning activities of the goods. Usually it is off job time and during this time the people tend to relax and rest (Emanuelson, 2013). It can be while watching TV, sports or sleeping. The main aim of the assignment is to assess whether the leisure services will be considered as a private good. The intervention of the Government in the provision of the leisure services and the limits to the intervention of the Government has been assessed. A brief explanation of leisure services as private goods has been provided (Tribe, 2015). The private good as an economic resource are scarce and there is increase in rivalry for private good (Slavov, n.d.). The demand curve for a private good is a horizontal summation of the individual demand curves (Anderton, 2000). The private goods follow the law of demand and the price of a private good increase with the rise in demand and whe n the supply is low (Public Goods and Private Goods, 2015). Bread can be an example of private good where the bread that has been taken by one person cannot be consumed by another (considered as a rival) and it becomes easier for the baker to trade a loaf. On the other hand public good can be defined as a good that on consumption by one individual does not potentially reduce the amount available for consumption by another individual(BESLEY and GHATAK, 2015). Brief explanation on private goods In the present essay it needs to be assessed that whether the leisure services can be considered as a public good or a quasi-public good (Munday, 2000). The public good can be defined as an environment with temperature that is important for healthy living. In case of public goods the enjoyment of the goods cannot be taken away unlike the private goods where there is exclusion of the individuals if there is no payment for the product. The central Government also provides the quasi public goods. Thus it can be said that the leisure services are not public goods but quasi public goods.Private goods can be considered to be opposite of public goods (Oakley and Rhys, 2008). The free rider problem is less visible in case of private goods as to be the owner of private good, it has to be purchased (Musgrave and Kacapyr, 2015). It is not available for free (Labaree, 2015). The demand curve for private good is same as public good. With the rise in demand for private goods, the price of private good increases. The common examples of private goods are food, cell phones and airplanes. Economists have defined private goods as rivalrous and excludable (Blomquist and Christiansen, 1999). The leisure service can be defined as the segment of the business that focuses on entertainment, sports, tourism and recreation. The leisure services fall under the category of private goods as the consumption of a private good is possible only if it is purchased by the consumer (Koenig, Lausen and Wagener, 2015). Excludable Non-excludable Rivalrous Private Goods includes clothing, food, electronics and car. Common Goods derived from common pool of resources which includes fish stock, coal, and timber. Non - Rivalrous Club good comprises of private parks , cinemas , satellite television Public good comprises of free air, television, national defense. The demand curve shows that optimal quantity is given by M and the provision of the quasi-public good will occur at that quantity of membership as at a point where the marginal cost is equal to the marginal benefits. Provision of leisure services as private goods The Government plays a major role for the welfare of the public. They have the responsibility to maximize the benefits of the public. Thus the leisure services has to be provided by the Government and there is necessity for intervention from the Government. The public provision of private goods (education, day care, health care etc) is important quantitatively in all countries that are developed which accounts for around 15 to 20% of the GNP. The quantitative determination of the leisure services has to be included under private goods. Differential taxation policy for private goods is a major issue. It is optimal to tax the goods differently. It is optimal to tax the luxury show off goods such as jeweler, luxury cars higher than the insurance services. The work of Veblen on leisure studies refer to his conception of conspicuous consumption as a phenomenon of sociology. But the economic importance of leisure services is equal (Dragicevic and Meunier, n.d.). It is difficult to develop the economies of leisure or any other area where there public sector is involved. The economics of leisure is concerned with the adoption of the standard model so that the odd situations can be taken into account which has no conformity with the format of the standard market. In such cases there is involvement of the government take place (Blomquist, Christiansen and Micheletto, 2011). In case of provision for leisure services as private goods, the sports sector violates some of the major assumptions that are considered in mainstream economics. In a sports sector, the firms are open to access the market as the firms want to maximize their market share. However it is viewed by the government and the economist as undesirable and it is resisted by the antitrust laws and the monopolies commission. The composite product is common for the leisure sector. The sporting league can be considered as an example of a composite product. Tourism is also a composite product. Monopoly is one of the major characteristics of leisure. Monopoly occurs when there is only one supplier for a product. It is seen that the leisure organizers take the advantage of monopoly. Monopoly leads to excess of profit and as a result of which there is limitation to supply (Fang and Norman, 2013). Intervention of Government in the provision of leisure services Governments provide public goods at all levels but they also devote considerable amount of time for the provision of private good and services like providing health care services , child care services , insurance services , education and housing services. The intervention of the Government on the leisure services can be explained in terms of tourism sector. The tourism sector requires a proper strategy from the Government as it is an industry that has growing economic importance. The tourism industry can result in sustainable development and it can be an instrument for regeneration. The tourism industry is a diverse industry and it requires support from the Government. The demand for the tourism sector is seasonal and it is variable. But according to several economists, Government should not intervene unless it has been justified under valid grounds. But in case of a market failure there is justification for Government intervention. In leisure services and tourism there is existence of natural monopolies. There is only one operates that is responsible for operating the tourist spots like Grand Canyon, Great Barrier Reef. In such sector it is apt that the Government must intervene to prevent the private operators from taking advantage of the monopoly. The Government intervention prevents the undue advantage by the operators to charge higher prices. Thus the intervention from the Government is seen as a measure to overcome the problem by taking certain measures like levying taxes for the payment of goods and services or it can be done by subsidizing the production to a considerable level (ec.europa.eu, 2015). Practical limits to intervention of Government The leisure services and goods are one of those minimal packages that are available for providing a satisfactory quality of life. The Government intervention in the leisure services makes its cheaper for all. The monopoly nature of the leisure services can be prevented from Government intervention. There are various ways in which the Government can intervene includes imposition of tax and prevention of extortion of prices. It is seen that there are some sporting activities that are promoted by the Government to maintain the physical fitness. There is also legal framework by the Government for the protection of the society and protection of the life. Government intervention is seen in case of gambling, alcohol consumption and various safety regulations in the entertainment place. Government provides subsidy in case of education sector. They also interfere to maintain the cultural heritage of the country. Government intervention is also seen in promotion of local film industry. However there are several cases in which the intervention from the Government has led to market failure. In some cases it is seen that the demand from the Government is endless which causes discomfort among the public (Veal, 2010) ; (Aronsson and Stenman, 2013). Conclusion In majority of the cases, the Government intervention is seen as facilitating rather than a providing a direct provision role. The facilitating role of the Government is seen to develop the nonprofit sector and the commercial sector. The trend in the policy making by the Government has been seen in the field of leisure, tourism and sports. The Global influence in the cultural services is seen at the cultural level. The government intervention in the leisure services is seen to be feasible in case of monopoly sectors. In these sectors the sellers charge in excess in order to earn huge profits. In such cases it is necessary for the Government to intervene. The Government intervention is seen in term of implementation of tax. However in some cases it is seen that Government intervention leads to market failure. The intervention of the Government in the leisure services is necessary to preserve the natural beauty of a tourist spot or the cultural value of a place. References Anderton, (2000).Economics. pp.388-458. Aronsson, T. and Stenman, O. (2013).Publicly Provided Private Goods and Optimal Taxation when Consumers Have Positional Preferences. [online] gupea.ub.gu.se. Available at: https://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstream/2077/32519/1/gupea_2077_32519_1.pdf [Accessed 16 Feb. 2015]. BESLEY, T. and GHATAK, M. (2015).GOVERNMENT VERSUS PRIVATE OWNERSHIP OF PUBLIC GOODS. 1st ed. [ebook] pp.1343-1349. Available at: https://econ.lse.ac.uk/staff/mghatak/qje.pdf [Accessed 16 Feb. 2015]. Blomquist, S. and Christiansen, V. (1999). The political economy of publicly provided private goods.Journal of Public Economics, 73(1), pp.31-54. Blomquist, S., Christiansen, V. and Micheletto, L. (2011).Public provision of private goods, self-selection and income tax avoidance. [online] ucfs.nek.uu.se. Available at: https://ucfs.nek.uu.se/digitalAssets/129/129546_wp20116.pdf [Accessed 16 Feb. 2015]. Dragicevic, A. and Meunier, G. (n.d.). Competitive Private Supply of Public Goods.SSRN Journal. ec.europa.eu, (2015).Economic Assessment of the Barriers to the Internal Market for Services. [online] Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/services/docs/services-dir/studies/2005-01-cph-study_en.pdf [Accessed 16 Feb. 2015]. Emanuelson, D. (2013).Leisure Services Financial Management. pp.1-16. Fang, H. and Norman, P. (2013). Toward an efficiency rationale for the public provision of private goods.Econ Theory, 56(2), pp.375-408. Koenig, T., Lausen, T. and Wagener, A. (2015).The Public Provision of Private Goods with Status Concerns. [online] coll.mpg.de. Available at: https://www.coll.mpg.de/sites/www.coll.mpg.de/files/workshop/Public%20Provision.pdf [Accessed 16 Feb. 2015]. Labaree, D. (2015). Public Goods , Private Goods : The American Struggle over Educational Goals.American educational Research Journal, [online] 34, pp.38-81. Available at: https://web.stanford.edu/~dlabaree/publications/Public_Goods_Private_Goods.pdf. Munday, S. (2000).Markets and Market Failure. pp.36-45. Musgrave, F. and Kacapyr, E. (2015).AP Micro Macro Economics(2E). pp.75-100. Oakley, B. and Rhys, M. (2008).The sport and fitness sector. London: Routledge. Public Goods and Private Goods. (2015). 1st ed. [ebook] pp.1-10. Available at: https://www.econ.ucsb.edu/~tedb/Courses/UCSBpf/pflectures/chap2.pdf [Accessed 16 Feb. 2015]. Slavov, S. (n.d.). Public versus Private Provision of Public Goods.SSRN Journal. Tribe, J. (2015).The Economics of Recreation, Leisure and Tourism By Both Faculty of Leisure and Tourism. pp.2-20. Veal, A. (2010).Leisure, sport and tourism. Cambridge: CABI.

Stricter Concussion Protocol Should Be Required At All Levels Of Football Essay Example For Students

Stricter Concussion Protocol Should Be Required At All Levels Of Football Essay For the safety of the players in the present and future, a stricter concussion protocol should be required at all levels of football. Though improvements have been made, the game of football is constantly changing and the protocol needs to keep up with the changes. Today’s athletes are bigger, stronger, and faster than ever before: Size and physical conditioning techniques in sports at all levels have evolved to create an intense athlete. They re able to create more force, power and speed than ever before and that leads to harder hits and a greater number of hits (Neporent). These advances in training have led to a more dangerous sport. We will write a custom essay on Stricter Concussion Protocol Should Be Required At All Levels Of Football specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The protocol has improved in recent years along with an emphasis on player safety, but the increasing numbers of players with long-term effects of concussions show there is still work to be done. A concussion is defined as temporary unconsciousness caused by a blow to the head or a violent shock from a heavy blow. The force transmitted to the head causes the brain to hit the skull, which causes the brain to swell. The symptoms of a concussion can appear immediately after contact or they may subtle and may not appear right away. The symptoms of a concussion can vary in length. There are many different symptoms to a concussion: Common symptoms after a concussive traumatic brain injury are headache, loss of memory (amnesia) and confusion (Mayo). Other symptoms that may be involved with a concussion include loss of consciousness, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, slurred speech, and fatigue. There are also symptoms that may not occur immediately, but may be delayed hours or days after. These symptoms include difficulty concentrating, sensitivity to light, and sleep disturbances. An athlete should . .col to the NFL and they also use the stepwise progression. The progression can only start after a player has return to all baseline functioning and proper balance. A player has 5 days to complete the 6 step progression. The first two steps: Light aerobic exercise and intense aerobic exercise may be completed in the same day. The next step is football practice without head impact. They can then participate in non-contact drills with resistance training. If still no symptoms are shown, they can return to full-contact practice. They are ready to play after they have passed full-contact practice. If they show symptoms at any of the steps though, they must start from the beginning. High school and youth football have a similar stance for their concussion protocol. The steps are required to be completed and a doctor must clear the athlete before he is allowed to play again.

22 Causas de Negación de Ingreso a USA por Inadmisibilidad

22 Causas de Negacià ³n de Ingreso a USA por Inadmisibilidad Las autoridades de los Estados Unidos pueden negar a cualquier extranjero el ingreso a Estados Unidos  con una o varias  causas de inadmisibilidad. Esto aplica incluso a los residentes permanentes legales. Asimismo, puede aplicar tanto a los que estn fuera del paà ­s como los que ya se encuentran en su interior. Este es una situacià ³n grave y, por ello, este artà ­culo informa sobre cules son las causas de inadmisibilidad, cà ³mo surge el problema y dà ³nde y, finalmente, quà © se puede hacer para solucionar el problema. Antes de comenzar, seà ±alar que es muy importante distinguir las  causas de inadmisibilidad, la razà ³n que se da est seà ±alada con un nà ºmero  212(a),  de las causas de inelegibilidad  que hacen que el cà ³nsul rechace una solicitud de visa por motivo calificado en los documentos oficiales  como 214. 22 causas de inadmisiblidad que impiden el ingreso en Estados Unidos Las causas de inadmisibilidad pueden aplicar tanto a las visas no inmigrante, tipo turista, estudiante, trabajo, intercambio, etc como a las visas de inmigrante, para obtener la green card o tarjeta de residencia. Incluso pueden aplicar a personas que se encuentran legalmente en los Estados Unidos y que solicitan un cambio de estatus. Por ejemplo, una persona con visa H1B que pide la residencia permanente mediante un ajuste de estatus. Las causas de inadmisibilidad, que se conocen en inglà ©s con el nombre de grounds of inadmissibility, son: Carga pà ºblica. Sospecha de que es posible convertirse en una fuente de gasto para las arcas pà ºblicas de Estados Unidos. Por ejemplo, personas enfermas, muy mayores, etc.Sufrir una enfermedad contagiosa, como por ejemplo, tuberculosis.Sufrir una enfermedad fà ­sica o mental que convierta al enfermo en un peligro para otras personas.Consumo de drogas. La expresià ³n que utilizan las autoridades de inmigracià ³n es abusador de drogas y por eso se entiende haber consumido una sustancia ilà ­cita ms de una vez en los à ºltimos tres aà ±os.Haber cometido o haber sido condenado por un delito inmoral.Haber sido condenado por varios delitos.Haber sido condenado por delitos especà ­ficos tales como trfico de drogas.Ser familiar de un traficante de drogas si se ha beneficiado de las ganancias de esa actividad en los à ºltimos cinco aà ±os.Haber cometido espionaje o sabotaje.Haber cometido o haber sido condenado por un delito agravado.Haber sido miembro de un partido polà ­tico t otalitario, como por ejemplo, un partido comunista, o de un partido nazi. Haber participado en un genocidio.Haber asegurado falsamente que se es ciudadano americano.Haber violado una ley de inmigracià ³n. Hay muchos ejemplos de esta circunstancia, por ejemplo, trabajar en Estados Unidos con una visa que no lo autoriza (turista, etc.)Haber cometido fraude migratorio. Bajo esta categorà ­a caben acciones muy distintas. Presentar documentos falsos ante un oficial migratorio o un consulado es una de ellas. Las mentiras en este contexto pueden resultar muy caras.Estar ilegalmente en Estados Unidos o haber estado si todavà ­a no se cumplià ³ el plazo de la penalidad.Haber sido deportado o expulsado.Haber ingresado a los Estados Unidos sin tener la documentacià ³n necesaria.Estar casado con ms de una persona al mismo tiempo. Estos son los casos de bigamia y poligamia.Haber realizado un secuestro internacional de nià ±os. Esto ocurre con frecuencia en el caso de paps y mams que no se ponen de acuerdo dà ³nde deben vivir los nià ±os. El problema es que sin darse cuenta se puede estar cometiendo ese delito, que es muy grave. Si se ha tenido una visa de intercambio J-1  y se est sujeto a la obligacià ³n de residir fuera de Estados Unidos por dos aà ±os.Ser un peligro para la seguridad nacional de los Estados Unidos. Esto incluye pertenencia a pandillas  (gangas). Quà © puede suceder en estos casos de inadmisibilidad Puede pasar tres cosas: Primero: la visa es denegada por un oficial consular. Tener en cuenta que la visa puede ser rechazada, adems, por otras causas, cuando se cree que no se cumplen los requisitos para obtenerlos. Segundo: el oficial de Inmigracià ³n de la CBP (Policà ­a Fronteriza) en un puerto de entrada (aeropuerto, puerto o frontera terrestre) prohà ­be el ingreso tras consultar su completà ­sima base de datos. En estos casos pueden darse dos situaciones: Si se llega al puerto de entrada con una visa o una green card  vlida, en algunas circunstancias es posible solicitar presentarse ante un juez de inmigracià ³n y, en su caso, apelar su decisià ³n ante la Corte de Apelaciones Migratorias.. Pero no siempre es posible. Por ejemplo, en casos de fraude o de haber asegurado falsamente ser ciudadano americano la decisià ³n del oficial de Inmigracià ³n es final. Pero tambià ©n puede suceder que se proceda a regresar a la persona inmediatamente a su lugar de procedencia. Las razones pueden ser varias, como en el ejemplo anterior. Pero tambià ©n sucede en caso como en los que no se tiene visa porque se es de un paà ­s del Programa de Exencià ³n de Visados la decisià ³n del oficial de la CBP es tambià ©n final y no se podr solicitar comparecer ante un juez. Y tercera posibilidad: si ya se est dentro de Estados Unidos, las autoridades migratorias pueden proceder a la remocià ³n de la persona en esa situacià ³n. Quà © se puede hacer en los casos de inadmisibilidad Para algunos de estos supuestos es posible pedir un perdà ³n migratorio, tambià ©n conocido como waiver.  Por ejemplo, en casos de prostitucià ³n, enfermedades contagiosas, riesgo de ser una carga pà ºblica, condenas por delitos inmorales o, incluso, mà ºltiples condenas por delitos. Pero es muy importante entender que las reglas son distintas segà ºn los casos, que no es lo mismo pedir una visa no inmigrante que una inmigrante y que los perdones son medidas excepcionales.  Y tambià ©n hay que tener presente que el poder solicitar un perdà ³n no quiere decir que se vaya a obtener su aprobacià ³n. En estos casos es muy importante contar con la asesorà ­a de un abogado competente y con un buen rà ©cord, que no prometa cosas que, sencillamente, no pueden ser porque la ley no lo permite. Adems, tener en cuenta que hay causas de inadmisibilidad para los que no es posible jams pedir un perdà ³n. Por ejemplo, trfico de drogas, terrorismo o espionaje. Finalmente, es realmente aconsejable conocer cà ³mo aplica el castigo de inadmisibilidad de los 3 y de los 10 aà ±os por presencia ilegal en los Estados Unidos y el castigo de la prohibicià ³n permanente. Este à ºltimo es frecuentemente ignorado pero afecta a muchas personas y las consecuencias son muy graves. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

British Airways Supply Chain

Operations and Supply Chain Management ESMT Case Study British Airways: A Journey in Procurement Transformation Q1  In the case what are the challenges faced by the procurement group in coming 2 years ahead? There are several challenges the procurement group faced between 2004 and 2006. First of all, keeping up with the success of the past years, especially the cost and performance improvements and also keeping investors happy (constant increase of share price since the beginning of 2003).Secondly, the procurement group was to face challenges when rationalizing the number of suppliers, building cross business conformity to develop a uniform sourcing process, reduce spending and leveraging it. The roll out of additional tools of Ariba’s spend management solution, which was supposed to cover all spend categories was another challenge. Since it in the beginning only consisted of a small group of suppliers extended over the coming month, which might lead to difficulties when trying to increase conformity with preferred suppliers. Those shall be decreased to 2000, which will make it easier to manage them and also to develop proper sourcing strategies. However integrating the different Ariba system tools represented another challenge, and was important to make sure that orders are based on the same agreed terms. Furthermore the procurement group planned to adjust catalogues. The challenges it faced here were to make ordering simpler, support transactions with preferred suppliers, decrease invoice mismatches, speed up approvals and advance requisition accuracy.In addition to this another future challenge was to rollout to overseas operations and subsidiaries. This would mean another reduction in employee headcount in other divisions and could lead again to resistance to change amongst employees. Therefore change management would be an essential tool to tackle this challenge, while the technical part of the roll out should not be a problem. Q2 What were the solutions proposed and how did they address the problems faced? Solutions proposed were to adapt to a generic sourcing process.Initially it consisted of five tollgates. Later it was reduced to three tollgates, because of heavy workload faced by the persons in charge (External Spend Group) during the review process, which would have compromised the high level of efficiency. It supported a more structured, transparent and responsible workflow, purchasing process and cost controlling. It addressed the until then very liberal management of buyers, who sometimes could authorized spending up to ? 1 million without approval by supervisors. Adapting to a new sourcing process also meant to restructure BA’s organizational purchasing process. In order to do so, additional software for transactional purchasing of services and products was introduced. Until then this process took place through very resource intensive methods. At the time the needed software was still about to develop and it took some time to find the right one. This new software from Ariba (Ariba Buyer) was supposed to fill the gap of efficiently (time and cost) purchasing in the procurement process, which existed in this area.It ran on an external Internet platform, which enabled BA to set up working solutions more quickly. With its ability to combine several management capabilities and to centrally manage the aspects of the procurement process the system addressed the problems originating through the earlier mentioned gap. Another problem faced by BA during the implementation of the procurement transformation program was the resistance to this new process and to use of the software in all areas.It was a constant issue since the search for procurement process software and at the same time ongoing job cuts of the â€Å"Future Size and Shape† initiative in the year 2000. Three years later BA started to tackle the problem by showing the advantages of Ariba Buyer, offering support (e. g. call centre for buyers) and training (â€Å"Learning Programme†). A very successful tool became the â€Å"Z-card†. It was a small enough card to be carried around everywhere and explained in pictures and simple language the steps of the new process and strategy. It also explained how this new development fit with the â€Å"Future Size and Shape† initiative. Q3  What indications are there that the changes worked? 1999-2004 In 2003, a rapid increase of strategic procurement processes showed that the implementation of the five tollgates had worked. Also the support services for buyers like the call centre turned out to be a success with over 100 calls per day. The change in procurement strategy and process had also a positive impact on the bottom-line. Procurement savings had steadily increased since the start of the change in 1999.In 2001/2002 the new development lead to savings of about ? 50 million. Just three years later in 2004/2005 it had increased by four times to ? 200 million of savings. With such a development the cost for Ariba Buyer was returned in just five months. Another indication that the changes worked showed rapid increase of orders trough the Ariba Buyer system in the second half of 2003. Several additional benefits indicated that the changes had worked. Such as more transparent spending, which shows a rise in orders processed via Ariba Buyer.This also reduced the amount of suppliers used until then by 63% in 2003. Another increase was recorded in contract compliance, where preferred suppliers started to become part of the daily business, not just reducing off contract spending and resulting in lower prices for goods and services purchased, but also reducing administrative efforts through fewer contracts. With better information on purchasing spend, it was possible to analyse which amount was spend for which supplier and product. This enabled the procurement group to start leveraging purchasing power and therefore save costs in different areas like in-flight catering in the US (15%), ground fuel at the London airports (22%) and crew accommodation in the US (17%). Also internally processing costs have been decreased, with a positive affect on error rates, transaction cost (decreased by 48%) and order-processing time, with most of the orders being transacted electronically. This gives employees more time to concentrate on value-add activities, leading to higher employee productivity. Since the workflow had been optimized less workforce was needed.Therefore BA was able to reduce headcount employed especially in procurement and safe additional costs. Q4  What could have been done differently? The procurement team should have been rigorous about the usage of Ariba Buyer right from the beginning at the implementation of the software. This could have been done by closely monitoring the usage of the software by buy ers, but also by making sure that employees actually know how to use it and what the purpose of the software is. This could have been easily achieved by training workforce and supporting the software right from the beginning as ell. The time taken until reinforcing measures (like in 2003 for tighter NDI controls) was too long. During this time buyers were too greatly empowered with too much freedom about their decision-making. Also the introduction of the tollgates came very late in the process and should have been already in place when the new software was launched. The people in charge should have also been proactive with promoting the procurement transformation programme right from the beginning amongst employees, by introducing the intentions and goals something like the â€Å"Z-card† right at the beginning.This would have decreased resistance against the change. Also one should have thought chosen a different time to introduce the â€Å"Future Size and Shape† initiative, which at the time was just another change and caused additional resistance. The start of this initiative right at the beginning of the procurement transformation programme would have been better. Or one should have waited until people have adjusted to the initial changes and then come up with this scheme.

Domestic violence Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Domestic violence - Case Study Example Common assault has been made an "arrestable offence1", in the sense that the police can arrest a suspect at the scene of the assault without possessing a warrant. This is in variance to the previous practice where the police had to leave the suspected assailant with his victim. Common assault is now an alternative verdict in the Crown Court. There are a range of criminal offences, including sexual and physical assault, harassment and criminal damage, which can be used in cases of domestic violence. However, most offences2 do not take into account the cumulative pattern of violent behaviour, some of which may not constitute a criminal offence. There remains a significant problem with consistent implementation however and the judiciary still fails to treat crimes of domestic violence seriously3. The Domestic Violence, Crime and Victims Bill received Royal Assent in November 2004 to become the Domestic Violence Crime and Victims Act 2004. Domestic violence occurs when a family member or a partner or ex-partner attempts to physically or psychologically dominate or harm the other. Domestic violence has many forms, including physical violence, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, intimidation, economic deprivation or threats of violence. Domestic violence includes physical violence, which consists of direct physical violence, ranging from unwanted physical contact to rape and murder; and indirect physical violence, including destruction of objects; throwing objects near the victim. It also, consists of mental or emotional violence; verbal violence, including threats, insults, put-downs, attacks, and nonverbal threats, including gestures, facial expressions, body postures, economic and social abuse, controlling victim's money and other economic resources. Moreover, it could also comprise of preventing the victim from seeing friends and relatives, actively sabotaging victim's social relationships and isolating victim from social contacts, spiritual abuse. Colleen is married to Wayne, a violent and abusive man. After the birth of their baby, Sven, Wayne put a lot of pressure on Colleen to lose weight, which she did. However, she became anorexic due to this. In this case, the husband Wayne is characterised as a violent in nature and abusive man. Subsequent, to the birth of Sven, Wayne pressurized Colleen to lose weight for which she had to follow the diet restrictions etc, and because of these, she became anorexic. A pattern of behaviour characterised by the misuse of power and control by one person over another who are or have been in an intimate relationship is termed as domestic violence. It can occur in mixed gender relationships and same gender relationships and has profound consequences for the lives of children, individuals, families and communities. It may be physical, sexual, emotional or psychological. The latter may include intimidation and harassment. Thus, the attitude of Wayne comes under controlling behaviour, which prevents someone by force from acting freely. This can include keeping them from seeing relatives and friends and so on. The Domestic Violence, Crime and Victims Act 2004 introduced

Application of Nursing Theory to Clinical Practice Essay

Application of Nursing Theory to Clinical Practice - Essay Example The family feature relates to unrestricted relationships between a person and the environment. On the other hand, the collaboration feature ensures the presence of a favorable environment for learning with a view of meeting the health care needs of the person. Ultimately, the learning concept seeks to develop an environment that facilitates achievement of health care needs. Ideally, according to the McGill model, the four concepts help in promoting health care among individuals in the society (Austin & Boyd, 2010). The Patient On 25 November 2012, we admitted a 45-year old man at our health facility with disease symptoms that suggested the presence of tuberculosis and/or malaria. The patient required primary care, diagnosis, and treatment. Ideally, the patient depicted symptoms, which include fever, fatigue, night sweats, headache, weight loss (WebMD, 2013), chest pains, chills, and vomiting (WHO, 2013). Notably, the patient had a medical history of arthritis, hypertension, chronic p roblems, and Plasmodium falciparum malaria. The patient diagnoses entailed two detailed chest X-rays, skin tests, and the analysis of the sputum which confirmed the presence of calcification in the lungs and tuberculosis-like bacteria (Schiffman, 2013). At the same time, the laboratory testing of the patient’s blood confirmed the presence of a P. falciparum parasite that led to the diagnosis of severe malaria. The blood test entailed observing the patient’s blood smear on a microscope slide (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013). As such, the patient nursing care needs included tobacco and alcohol control, observing proper sanitation, advocating... This paper approves that the diagnosing step involves making logical and informed nursing decisions about a health or health issues affecting a patient. This step describes the health issue(s) and determines the patient’s risk to encounter more health problems. This step informs the nurse on the course of treatment. The planning stage involves developing a plan of action with close consideration to prioritized assessment incases of multiple diagnoses. Priority goes to the diagnoses with the most severe symptoms and high risk factors. This stage follows the standardized nursing terms and measurements that derive the patient’s wellness. The implementation stage involves adopting the action plan for specific patients. This entails monitoring the patient’s treatment progress, instructing the patient, and referring the patient for medical follow-up. The evaluation stage seeks to establish the achievement of the patient’s wellness goals. This essay makes a conclusion that health promotion and primary health care principles applied within the context of the McGill nursing model. They applied through the model’s assumption that the promotion of care results in responsible health behavior among members of the society enhances the quality of health. Health promotion and primary health care principles include accessibility, community participation, empowerment, health promotion, holistic, appropriate technology, sustainability, participative, and inter-sectorial collaboration. Notably, the principles of promotion of care and community participation correlated with the assumption of the promotion of care results and positive community participation in enhancing the quality of health.

Froogle Inc. Strategy Essay Example for Free

Froogle Inc. Strategy Essay Mary, a small business owner in Vermont whose company specializes in the manufacture and sale of ski equipment to Vermont ski resorts, signs a contract with Froogle, Inc. an internet corporation with principal place of business in California, which allows Mary to advertise her business on Froogle’s internet search engine. All of Mary’s business dealings with Froogle are done either by telephone or via internet; she has never been to California. Two months into the business relationship Froogle states that Mary has violated their agreement which prompts Froogle to file a lawsuit against Mary in the California court system. Does the State of California County of Monterey in Salinas have personal jurisdiction over Mary? In order for a state (California) to have personal jurisdiction over a non resident defendant (Mary) the defendant must have established minimum contacts: (1) purposeful direction of activities towards the forum: Boschetto v. Hansing, 539 F.3d 1011 (9th Cir. 2008) – â€Å"minimum contacts†. Without greater interactivity between Mary’s advertisement for her Vermont based business dealings and the residents of California, personal jurisdiction would not be appropriate: Mink v AAAA Development L.L.C., 190 F.3d 333 (5th Cir. 199) In order to establish if a plaintiff’s state forum has personal jurisdiction over a non resident defendant they must prove that the nonresident defendant (whom has never traveled to California and does not target there business advertising at California residents) had sufficient amount of contact with the state. A passive website advertising that is not directed at the residents of California is not enough to establish personal jurisdiction. Therefore, the state of California would not have personal jurisdiction over Mary.

Postmodernismo y Modernidad Essay -- essays papers

POSTMODERNISMO Y MODERNIDAD INTRODUCCION El Postmodernismo describe la filosofà ­a del examinar la naturaleza del significado y del conocimiento, aunque muchos acadà ©micos en varios campos han debatido sobre su definicià ³n precisa. Los postmodernistas cuestionan la validez de la fe en la ciencia y el racionalismo que se originà ³ durante el Ilustramiento y que comenzà ³ a estar asociada con la filosofà ­a conocida como el modernismo. Tambià ©n cuestionan si la antropologà ­a es, o deberà ­a ser una ciencia. Ya que todo el conocimiento està ¡ necesariamente moldeado por la cultura, ellos argumentan, los antropà ³logos no pueden ser objetivos en su investigacià ³n. En respuesta a este argumento, algunos antropà ³logos han comenzado simplemente a estudiar y escribir sobre los efectos de la influencia de la cultura en su propia perspectiva, y en la perspectiva del resto de las personas. A pesar de que mucho de este trabajo se realiza aà ºn en los departamentos de antropologà ­a, se ha convertido tambià ©n en un à ¡rea particular de la investigacià ³n conocida como estudios culturales. Algunos ven a los estudios culturales como una nueva disciplina, separada de la antropologà ­a. Otros se refieren a estos como la fase mà ¡s novedosa de la teorà ­a antropolà ³gica. Los crà ­ticos de la antropologà ­a tradicional la ven como una forma de colonialismo y de explotacià ³n. Esta nocià ³n ha ganado terreno a raà ­z de que los antropà ³logos han estudiado la historia de su propia disciplina y reexaminado la relacià ³n entre el desarrollo de la antropologà ­a y el colonialismo. Mà ¡s aà ºn, la antropologà ­a tradicional ha estado siempre dominada por las ideas, investigacià ³n y escritos de los Europeos y Americanos blancos. Esto tambià ©n està ¡ cambiando a medida que un mayor nà ºmero de personas de diversos antecedentes culturales està ¡n laborando en la antropologà ­a y los estudios culturales. Los investigadores trabajando con estudios culturales tambià ©n han redefinido lo que es la cultura. Tienden a ver la cultura como algo que la gente negocia continuamente entre sà ­, en vez de algo que comparten. Esta visià ³n le hace sentido a una generacià ³n de antropà ³logos que crecieron en la dà ©cada del 60 en los Estados Unidos y Europa. Durante este tiempo, la gente joven retaba las tradiciones culturales de sus padres y cuestionaban problemas tan importantes como el racismo, el sexismo y la violencia de las guerras modernas. Tambià ©n ... ...ronteras y las determinaciones de la nacià ³n. Hacer sentido de este fenà ³meno global contemporà ¡neo requiere el estudio de algo mà ¡s allà ¡ que el espacio limitado de la nacià ³n, y las teorà ­as sociales deben ser reformuladas siguiendo el paso de este nuevo mundo sin territorios. Bibliography: Appadurai, Arjun. 2000. Globalization: Public Culture: Society for Transnational Cultural Studies. Duke University Press. Appadurai, Arjun. 1996. Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization (Public Worlds,V.1). Minneapolis: Minessota University Press. Buitrago Ortiz, Carlos y Eva Villalà ³n Soler. Transnacionalismo y fragmentacià ³n: Un acercamiento a trabajadores agrà ­colas migrantes mexicanos. Rà ­o Piedras, Universidad de Puerto Rico. Deleuze, Gilles y Fà ©lix Guattari.1987. A Thousand Plateaus. Capitalism and Schizophrenia. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Habermas, Jurgen. 1990. The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity: Twelve Lectures. MIT Press. Jameson, Frederic y Masao Miyoshi. 1998. The Cultures of Globalization. Duke University Press. Kearney, Michael. 1996. Reconceptualizing the Peasantry. Anthropology in Global Perspective. Boulder: Westview Press.

Muslim Women Essay

The more and more I study about Muslim Women and the obstacles they face, I become angered. In writing this paper, I’ve found that there is no substantial evidence in any Muslim or Islamic writings that states that women should be treated as slaves or insubordinates. Women are to be respected, protected, and loved; no matter what religion or color they may be. So, my paper will focus on these three things, but the lack of it. What is the definition of respect? Respect is a positive feeling of esteem or deference for a person or other entity. When you respect a person, you will show it through actions and deeds; without any conjuring. I’ve noticed that Muslim women aren’t respected too well within their own religion. The Sharia Law is the moral code and religious law of Islam which deals with many topics such as prayer, fasting, diet, sexual intercourse, hygiene, etc. It is considered the infallible law of God; there is no human interpretation. The two sources of this law are the Quran and Mohammed; the last source is part of the human interpretation that many state the Quran doesn’t possess. According to the Sharia, women aren’t equal to men unless it is in religious duties such as prayer, fasting, and making hajj. Contrary to what most Muslim men believe, a woman is not created for the purpose of a Muslim man. Rather, they are both created for each other. They are to help, support, and cleave to one another through their life and Islamic religion. Some Muslim men have taken the Quran and made it to be a falsity to their perception and added to it. This addition has caused many Muslim women to be disrespected and abused. Many Islamic religions are filled with much domestic violence. Take Bibi Aisha’s case, her husband was part of the Taliban and she never had a chance to see him. During his time away, her in-laws beat her, tortured her, and made her sleep with the livestock. The abuse became too much, so Bibi ran away, but her father returned her back to her in-laws. Due to her disappearance, her husband returned and he proceeded to torture her in front of the community by removing her ear and nose. She was left in the desert to bleed to death. She ran to her uncle’s house and he turned her away, but her father-in-law took her to the Americans (military) where they tended to her wounds and protected her. You can find her picture on my blog for this class. When I see her, I see a woman of strength and perseverance. It’s said to say, but this incident which brought her much pain, seems to have blessed her. It is because of the mutilation of her face that she is free and in a better place. It is well known within the Islamic culture that domestic abuse is hardly unique. Many Muslim women deal with this atrocity daily, due to the thoughts of Muslim men. Most Muslim males believe that Muslim women are slaves or property. Most husbands believe its right to beat their wives and treat her with disdain. An often-quoted verse in the Quran says a husband may chastise a disobedient wife, but this is open to several interpretations. What is the definition of protection and love? Protection is to cover or shield from exposure, injury, damage, or destruction and love is a profoundly tender, passionate affection for another person. I can’t say that I see these actions practiced within the Muslim culture. If anything, Muslim women are caused to feel scared, unsafe, unprotected, and abused. The most common form of abuse is emotional and mental abuse. This can include verbal threats, intimidation, neglect, extreme jealousy and possessiveness. The worse of the two is the mental abuse which causes severe psychological harm. It destroys her self-esteem, self-worth, and causes many to have nervous breakdowns and become suicidal. Some of the factors that make Muslim men abusive Muslim women are: 1. Economic hardship, political oppression experienced outside the U.S., problems with the children, or an inferiority complex. 2. Some Muslim men accept the idea that it’s normal for a man to hit his wife and that she is no more than a piece of his property. 3. It’s generational; habits are picked up after watching their own fathers abuse their mothers. 4. Some abuse their wives because they want them to be more â€Å"modern† and less Islamic. SO they have their wives remove their hijab (Islamic dress), while others turn to abuse in order to keep their wives traditional; which is the exact opposite of the former. In a marriage, the Quran is very clear on procedures in discipline for Islamic wives. First, there’s peaceful discussion between the two about the problem and resolutions. If this doesn’t work, the next step is for the husband to be more stern and focused. If the disobedience persists from the wife, the husband will leave the bed which is a form of punishment for not only the wife, but also the husband. If that doesn’t work, then other family members will become involved and try to help in resolving the issues and being fair to both parties. This is not totally true because the Muslim religion is male dominated and gender-controlled. The males within the family will be the first and last to define choices of resolution. Remember, Muslim women really don’t have rights. Whether it’s within their family, job, mosque, or society. There is no balance when it comes to gender or to resolving life’s issues in the Muslim culture. During this whole process, Muslim women keep quiet due to feelings of depression and hopelessness. They began to feel like no one will help them and they are constantly aware of their co-dependence to their husbands. Financial independence is something that is always in the forefront of their minds, but it’s always tainted by the images of control in the Muslim culture. So, they make a decision to stay in bondage to keep their homes, children, and the love of their husbands; the latter is questionable. Some Muslim women see the abuse as a fact of life and learn to live with it. So, what does the abuse and control have to do with Women’s Studies? Well, throughout the class we focused on many different types of situations that involved women; whether good or bad. The control and abuse that is present in the Muslim culture reminds of gender prejudice and gender discrimination. Both are one in the same, but speak of different influences. Gender prejudice is a belief that women are the weaker of the sexes emotionally and physically and must be protected from the world outside. I know that males are expected to be the providers and to dominate the decision making in the home, but there sh ould still be some form of balance. Balance is needed in everything; whether it’s life, work, or play. We all need to have a sense of structure or rules, but there must be a state of adjustment. In reviewing gender discrimination, you will find prejudicial treatment based upon groups or individuals due to their gender or sex; there is no protection factor involved. Gender discrimination can affect both men and women, but women are usually at the receiving end, since most cultures in the world are patriarchal and male-dominated. This isn’t a far cry for religions because mostly all religions are male-dominated. You will find women aren’t seen as being equal to men within the scope of religion. It is partly due to how man has interpreted their religious readings or scriptures, and twisted it to be a form of evil and disdain. Yes, there are places within scripture that speak of women being unclean due to their monthly or being untouchable after childbirth. But is it because the woman is evil, or is it a form of protection for her and anyone that she may come into contact with? All in all, I see the Islamic religion as being so gender biased that it causes me to become angered. This religion seems to prevent Muslim women from nurturing their true identity and blossoming into women of self-worth and self-esteem. Hiding one’s face can make a person feel unworthy and disconnected. It’s a joy to feel positive about yourself and who you are. Being able to feel good about your looks and your body can be very uplifting to the psyche and soul. What puts a damper on that? Having a father, brother, husband, or any male to make you feel that your very essence is despicable and dirty. Hopefully, in the 21st century, things will change and get better. Until then, it’s up to us to become more aware of the many differences of cultures and religions. These differences could cause or society to become cold, unloving, and aloof. I don’t believe our world should be this way. If anything, love should prevail and the worship of a power stronger than you should cause you to love everyone even the more. Bibliography Roald, Anne S. (2001). Women in Islam: The Western Experience. Routledge. Suad Joseph, Afsaneh Najmabadi, ed. Encyclopedia of Women & Islamic Cultures. Brill Academic Publishers. â€Å"Women and Violence.† Welcome to the United Nations: It’s Your World. United Nations Department of Public Information, Feb. 1996. Web. 07 Dec. 2011 â€Å"American Muslim Women Unveil, and Explain Why: NPR.† NPR: National Public Radio. 19 Oct. 2011. Muslim Clerics on the Religious Rulings Regarding Wife-Beating. Jihad Watch. 15 Nov. 2011.

Training and Workouts

Erick Johnson is an endurance athlete who trains for the 3,000 metre race.   His training schedule involves steady pace runs, anaerobic threshold training, cruise intervals, pace surge training and repetition training.   Interval training and speed endurance also form part of his weekly workouts (Rogers, 2000).   The steady pace runs are aimed at increasing running efficiency, developing the cardiovascular system and improving the process of capillarization. For him to be able to tolerate and buffer the rise in lactic acid during running, Erick performs anaerobic threshold training.   Repetition training aims at   developing the pace consciousness of the athlete while pace-surging training involves alternating steady-pace runs with surges r bursts off speed running.   This helps him to be able to adjust to the shifts in the pace during a competition. All these components of his training are also aimed at increasing his endurance by lowering the rate at which lactate acid builds up and enhancing oxygen transportation. The exercises have the effect of increasing his metabolism to higher levels than that of the average human being. A weekly work out for Erick would be as follows, on a Monday he performs 20 minutes of aerobic threshold training run, followed by build ups and a period of cool-down.   On Tuesday he does an easy run of the 3000 metre race.   On Wednesday he does negative split runs four times, after which he does build-ups.   When doing the negative split run, he starts with five minutes warm up that involves walking briskly and jogging lightly. He then   runs at a moderate pace for ten minutes and increase his pace over the next ten minutes then he cools down for five minutes.   (http://outside.away.com/outside/fracture/2000609/negative-split-workout.html).   On Thursdays he does five repetitions of the actual race pace but that have been broken down to 900metre races.   Erick does the easy run and practices accelerations which means he is practising to increase his speed on Fridays.   On Saturdays he does his best average speed for the race in 1000metre intervals then on Sundays he does a long run. His training schedule sometimes changes by the week especially if a competition is close but with basically the same activities though at different frequencies and intervals. Daily Diet Breakfast 2 slices whole wheat toast Grape fruit 1 poached egg 1 tsp butter or vegetable margarine or honey Lunch 1 cup clear vegetable soup sprinkled with fresh herbs Brown rice 1 cup beans Green salad in season Dinner 2 slices meat steaks with vegetable Crisp bread 25g cottage cheese with fresh herbs 75g fresh fruit salad Snacks 1 cup apple juice, canned  ½ cup raw black berries 1 piece fruit cake 3 fig bar cookies Crackles regular wheat  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (USDA, 2005) The B complex vitamins are important for an endurance athlete especially because they have increased needs for vitamins due to the higher metabolism rates that are above the normal population.   The B complex vitamins are also involved in formation of red blood cells.   If deficient, red blood cells formation is compromised leading to fewer or poorly formed red blood cells resulting in decreased capacity for oxygen transportation which would compromise the endurance of the athlete (Moore, 2004) Deficiencies of the B complex vitamin may result in decreased capacity for endurance.   Vitamin B6 takes part in different processes of metabolism involving proteins and glycogen.   A high protein diet will thus result in increased need for vitamin B6.   Vitamin B12 is necessary for the formation of red blood cells and is also important to ensure their normal functioning.   Folic acid is also a requirement for red blood cell formation and metabolism of amino acids (Moore, 2004). References Rogers J, 2000 USA Track and Field Coaching Manual, Human Kinetics, ISBN 0880116048 Moore J, 2004 Vitamins, USMS retrieved from http://www.usms.org/articles/articledispaly.php?a=77 USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 20   

Wikis as an Educational Tool

Wikis as an Educational Tool Introduction of the Concept of Wiki A wiki is a website that runs on wiki software that offers a simple mark-up language editing functionality or to as what-you-see-is-what-you-get (WYSIWYG) (Wikipedia, n.d.). Wiki is a collection of webpages that are interlinked and are editable by a person viewing the webpage.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Wikis as an Educational Tool specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Wikis serve as the humblest content management systems that allow collaborative work. As a content management system, the wiki software provides a template for the layout of each page that make up the wiki (Brian, n.d.). How do Wikis Allow Users to Place Content on the Web The simplicity of a wiki lies in the what-you-see-is-what-you-get (WYSIWYG) mark-up language that allows anybody with or without the knowledge of computer programing language and with a basic literacy of computers and the internet to edit a page or create a new page on the wiki. Editing and creation of new pages occurs in real time and changes are noticeable immediately on the wiki. The real-time feature and ease of editing makes wikis great collaboration tools. The wiki software that manages how content appears on the wiki offers a rigid input structure that ensures all content added to the wiki appear in the same manner on the whole wiki. A person editing the wiki can only type in, insert hyperlinks and to some extent can upload facility for multimedia content is availed. People who wish to edit wikis need to log into the site (Brian, n.d.). Wide Range of Topics found on Wikipedia Wikipedia is currently the most popular wiki in the world. It offers about eight million pages that have been interlinked and are editable by anyone who can access the wiki. According to Wikipedia (n.d.), the site offers 18 million articles that are a product of voluntary collaboration. The English version of the wiki has over 3.6 million articles. As of 2008, Wikipedia had covered the following subjects: culture and the arts, biographies and persons, geography and places, society and social sciences, history and events, natural and the physical sciences, technology and the applied sciences, religions and belief systems, health, mathematics and logic, thought and philosophy (Wikipedia, n.d.).Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Use of Wiki as Training or Learning tool The collaborative nature of wiki makes it more of a way of working rather than a tool because the density of the collaboration defines the wiki. Wikis offer subject specific repositories and provide a real opportunity for increasing knowledge distribution on a given topic because of the wiki’s ease of deployment across the internet (Smith, n.d.) There are several approaches of using wikis in the teaching or learning process. The mos t common is the cooperative or collaborative paradigm where students form heterogeneous groups that maintain and facilitate individual learning. The main advantage of the setting is that it nourishes a positive interdependence among the group members while enhancing the individual accountability and appropriate development and use of collaborative skills (Parker Chao, 2007). Wikis facilitate computer-supported collaboration and this is extendable to the learning process. The wiki serves as a knowledge platform on which members of a collaborating community share interesting work together and discuss issues that concern the common work among them (Parker Chao, 2007). Since wikis meet the requirements of any successful community of practice, they provide the best means of collaborative work. Students can use wikis to conduct group discussions with their fellow students or collaborate on class assignments for student groups. Secondly, there is the constructivist paradigm that view kno wledge and meaning as a construction rather than a natural occurrence. This approach emphasizes on the learner interaction to be active and manipulative, constructive and reflective, authentic, challenging and conversational as well as meet real world cooperative and collaborative expectations. To fit into this category of learning tools, wikis allow learners to be explicit in their reflection of the learnt material. In addition, wikis offers rich and flexible functionality that transcends the minimal technological barriers presented. Given that people learn by social and communal activities, wikis assist to enact knowledge when used educationally because they provide a community-focused approach (Parker Chao, 2007).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Wikis as an Educational Tool specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Other than group collaborations, wikis allow a dyadic collaboration of teacher and student on a gi ven topic because of its real-time editing structure. Such collaboration is achievable in form of writing articles and irrespective of the geographical location of the participants (Parker Chao, 2007). The open nature of wikis broadens their use depending on the imagination of the user. Current popular forms of educational wiki are single user wikis for personal collection and editing of thoughts, lab book wikis for students to keep notes online for peer reviewing, collaborative writing wikis for joint writing and knowledge base wikis for providing a knowledge repository (Smith, n.d.). Educational areas that best adapt to use of wiki are project-based learning that rely on wikis for project planning and documentations. Secondly, online education uses wikis to disseminate information to allow group discussions of geographically distant students as well as form knowledge repositories for online classes. The final benefit of wiki in education is the ability to freeze them by making th em private so that information contained in them cannot be edited thus creating a knowledge artifact (Parker Chao, 2007). References Brian, M. (n.d.). How wikis work. Retrieved from how stuff works: https://computer.howstuffworks.com/internet/basics/wiki1.htm Parker, K. R., Chao, J. T. (2007). Wiki as a Teaching tool. (A. Koohang, Ed.) Interdisciplinary Journal of Knowledge and Learning Objects, 3: 57-72. Smith, C. (n.d.). Wikis and Education. Retrieved from Shambles: shambles.net/pages/learning/ict/wikiedu/Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Wikipedia. (n.d.). Wiki. Retrieved from Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiki

Social Work Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Social Work - Assignment Example Studies conducted over the years have substantiated the effectiveness of family conferencing as a highly beneficial intervention approach that not only help the aggrieved family members in understanding their roles but enable them to learn to resolve the issues and challenges facing them through effective decision making approach and understanding. This approach creates an environment of safety and understanding and promotes leadership and harmony in the process (Merkel-Holguin, 2003). The concept of family group conferencing is rooted in the effective resolution of a problem or issue faced by the family members and through intermediation by society and community who are concerned about the familys safety and well-being. The concept which was first developed and implemented in New Zealand, was adopted throughout the western world, as a support system for caring for families including children and young people. The key focus of this program /approach in the UK is however, on preventing child abuse and neglect through timely intervention. Such methods aim to effectively address the issues of abuse or neglect within a family since such problems are perceived as personal problems faced by the family that can be solved through concerned community members or other members of the family (Pennel, 2004). The effectiveness of the program can be estimated from the fact that about 70 per cent of local authorities in England offer a family group conferencing service, providing intervention and support to a range of family problems and most importantly those involving safety and well-being of children. This method is also highly effective since unlike other approaches, the family group conferencing helps the family come together as a unit to identify and address the problem on hand and solve it themselves with support from the community and /social services. Also this approach is highly recommended since it helps children from

On-Job Training And E-Learning In The Petrochemical Plants Research Paper

On-Job Training And E-Learning In The Petrochemical Plants - Research Paper Example The researcher states that training has become a need of organizations of today. This has encouraged me to conduct research on one of the most important industries of the economy, Petrochemical industry. The petrochemical industry is critical to the success of any economy and therefore I got interested in analyzing and identifying how businesses in the petrochemical industry train its employees. Technology has influenced businesses and it has changed how businesses train its employees. Therefore I am interested in analyzing and comparing two of the most used training techniques in the petrochemical industry; On-Job Training And E-Learning. This research study aims to analyze the impact of training on the performance of employees in the petrochemical industry. Two important training techniques are analyzed; on-job training and e-learning. The report, therefore, analyzes whether on-job training and e-learning have a positive or a negative impact on the performance of employees in the p etrochemical industry. The report also analyzes which of the two techniques are more effective to enhance the performance of the employees in the petrochemical industry. The petrochemical industry has become highly competitive. It is believed success is dependent on three important factors in this competitive market and these factors are efficiency, quality, and product development. In the petrochemical industry, there are different types of reactants, toxic gas emissions, and other chemicals that have potential for toxic and are flammable. Therefore training of employees is significant in ensuring that health and safety measures are made and employees are safe. Training is helpful in improving the efficiency of the employees as well.

Comparison of two medieval theocracies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Comparison of two medieval theocracies - Essay Example Yet though both cultures developed theocratic systems of government during the medieval period, we will see that they came to that system of government through very different means and enacted quite different measures to secure and maintain that system. First, though, we should consider the nature of theocracy itself. In a theocratic government, religion forms the basis for political decisions. Government leadership and religious leadership are synonymous, since faith in the governing religion is a prerequisite to political power. Religious texts and tenets provide the backbone for civil law and government. Those members of a theocratic society who do not espouse the prevailing faith may be disenfranchised at best and persecuted at worst. Such was the case when Christianity became the prevailing religion in Western Europe during the Middle Ages — an ironic development since Christians themselves had been a persecuted class in the Roman Empire from the time of Nero (54-68) until the emperor Constantine was converted to Christianity in the early 300s (Tierney). The dramatic power shift led to the most significant power struggle of the medieval period in Europe: the uneasy problem of church and state. Constantine had brought the church to a position of previously unimagined power, but in return, he expected the unwavering alliance of the church — in matters of faith as well as matters of government, as the great debate over the Arian and Nicene faiths in the 300s demonstrated. The challenge was that Christianity had to win over strong, existing systems of government and people whose religious were as sophisticated and compelling (and sometimes more fun) than Christianity. How could a theocracy come to bear in a system of existing governments? The church was inventive — it assimilated pagan traditions to make its asceticism more

Sex Trafficking in America Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Sex Trafficking in America - Research Paper Example t that this crime has on its victims and the approaches employed by the victims to cope up with the consequences, giving recommendations that would curb the spread and consequences of the crime. Human trafficking has been widely acknowledged as slavery in the modern context. According to Loftus (2011), this comes from people being forcefully, coercively or fraudulently induced to undertake forced bonded labor, forced labor or even forced prostitution. Most of the victims would be lured to the US with a promise for better opportunities to earn money only to find a different scenario when they get there. Of particular focus on this paper would be human trafficking involving forced prostitution referred to as sex trafficking. McCabe and Manian (2010) adopt the United Nations’ definition of sex trafficking describing it as coercive, forceful or fraudulent induction of an act of commercial sex or a context where the person being inducted into performing such an act would be a minor. The major victims of sex trafficking according to (Kunze, 2010) include the women and children. The sex business in the US operates uniquely in all parts whether urban or rural with the study on sex trafficking by Walters and Davis (2011) observing the presence of internationally trafficked women across the country. Whereas there are sex enterprises operating or incorporated legally, there are those operating illegally behind legal businesses like nail salons or restaurants. Further, the researchers observe the advertisement of sex businesses in varied ways including the print media such as newspapers, periodicals, sex guides and even billboards. The owners of these businesses could be families or prominent persons in local communities including lawyers and judges. Majority of those used in these sex businesses would be foreign citizens trafficked into the US. Loftus (2011) regards human trafficking as the second largest form of global criminal enterprise globally with US Department of

Applying change theories on the implementation of an ambulance despatch system

Applying change theories on the implementation of an ambulance despatch system 1. INTRODUCTION Change is inevitable and to enhance the efficiency of the services that a company offers, change is very necessary. The world is changing everyday. This is attributed to the advancement in technology, globalisation in addition to many other factors. There is an incentive for all business and economic institution to change in order to benefit from the advancement in information technology. This is one of the factors that motivated the Metropolitan Ambulance Service (MAS) in Melbourne to implement a state of the art emergency despatch and communication system in 1994. In the late 1980s, the MAS received criticism based on poor ambulance response times(Darren,2004).In an average day, MAS ambulances attends to more than 600 medical emergencies and are also involved in transporting around 400 patients(Darren, 2004). Therefore, the decision to improve previous system as a result of delays is acceptable and necessary to provide a timely, appropriate, and professional response to all calls f or emergency assistance (Darren, 2004). However, the underlying decision to implement this system and the strategies utilised to implement this information system affected the efficiency to deliver desired services. The new CEO, John Farmer, intended to change the way the MAS operated through the utilisation of computer technology in two areas: management of emergency calls and management of finances (Darren, 2004). This decision in conjunction with politics and other strategies were the catalyst for the failure to implement change in the MAS. This paper is set to analyse the case study written by Prof Darren Dalcher in 2004 (Emergency: Implementing an Ambulance Despatch System).The case study highlights the story of the problematic implementation of a computerised despatch system for the Metropolitan Ambulance Service (MAS) in Melbourne, Australia(Darren, 2004). The aim of this paper to analyse how information system implementation approaches, resistance theories and change theories such as Lewins Three Step Change Theor y, Lippits phases of change Theory and the Social Cognitive Theory can be applied to the case study to bring about necessary changes. 2.LITERATURE REVIEW The literature review is divided into 3 sections. The first section explains the four approaches designed for implementing I.T systems. The second section explains resistance theories. The third section explains change theories. 2.1 There are four approaches available for implementing an I.T information system. These approaches include 2.1.1 Plunge approach: The plunge approach means implementing a system in an urgent fashion, by ending the previous system at a particular day and starting the new system the next day. This approach minimises transition cost and operation cost. However, the plunge approach is risky and could easily lead to system failure. (Efraim Linda, 2010, p 533) 2.1.2 Parallel approach: The parallel approach means operating the old and the new system at the same time. Although the parallel approach is costly to operate, it is beneficial in the long run because major problems about the new system would have been identified and solved. If the new system fails, the old system acts as a backup for achieving the corporate goal. (Efraim Linda, 2010, p 533) 2.1.3 Pilot approach: The pilot system means operating the new system in another geographical area or a specific branch of the organisation in study. Conducting the pilot study to examine the impact of change will avoid unseen complications (Anderson,1985). 2.1.4 The phased approach: The phased approach is applicable to both parallel and plunge approach. It focuses on implementing every module or version of the system as it is developed and tested. Efraim Linda, 2010, p 533).The cost of application varies with the methodology. (Efraim Linda, 2010, p 533) 2.2 Resistance theories: 2.2.1 The people oriented theory: The people-oriented theory suggests that resistance to systems is created by factors internal to users as individuals or groups.( James, Waleed, and Gary (1999)). Gardner, Dukes and Discenza (1993) supports the notion that certain characteristics (e.g., age, gender) as well as varying background, value and belief systems contribute to an individuals attitude towards technology. 2.2.2 The system oriented theory The system-oriented theory posits that resistance is induced externally by factors inherent in the design of the system or the technology being used (James, Waleed, and Gary (1999).Such factors include user interface and other systems characteristics (e.g., realization of requirements, performance, reliability, and the degree of centralization, distribution, or decentralization)( James, Waleed, and Gary (1999). 2.2.3 The Interaction oriented theory: The interaction theory explains that systems acquire different political and social meaning in different settings and that different users perceive the effects of the same system differently ( James, Waleed, and Gary ,1999). Resistance may, for example, manifest itself as a result of shifting power relationships (James, Waleed, and Gary ,1999). 2.3The change theories 2.3.1 Kurt Lewins planned change: The Lewins planned change theory argues that planned change occurs by design where each and every process is planned. This is as opposed to spontaneous change or change by accident. The status quo is disrupted and results into some imbalance of forces. The two forces that are mostly present are the driving force and the restraining force. The driving force acts as a motivator in motion towards a positive direction or a goal that has been set. The restraining force opposes the movement towards a destined goal. When the opposing forces are overcome, another equilibrium position is reached (Bessie, 2003: p.167). The three phases that are identified include: unfreezing the status quo, attaining a new state (moving) and refreezing to make the change permanent. The first steps are informing stakeholders of the required change and agree on the importance of the change. According to Miller (1982) one of the most difficult tasks is getting people to accept a change. Change is challenging and the stakeholders or users may feel as if they have lost control of everything but it is important to encourage them. The individuals will then take time to implement the real change. This might take quite sometime but the process should be gradual. Freezing makes the process to stabilize and the process can now be implemented into the system. 2.3.2 Lippits Phases of Change Theory In Lippits Phases of Change Theory, an extension of the Lewins Change Theory is done. Seven steps are developed that focus more on the change agent than on the change itself. This involves exchange of information throughout the process. The change begins by a diagnosis of the problem and then checking the motivation that the change will bring and the capacity of the change to make a difference from the current situation. The change agent should also be examined so as to decide if the necessary capacity that is required is available (Alicia, 2004: p.1). The strategies that will be used to accomplish the change are chosen and each agent of change is assigned and alerted of the changes that are expected from his part. Experts and facilitators may be required at this stage and may be part of the change agents. The institution implementing the change should ensure that the change is maintained. This can be achieved by efficient communication, coordination and feedback on every activity th at takes place. When the change has been implemented and the employees have adopted the new culture, the change agent can now withdraw from the process. 2.3.3 Social cognitive theory: According to the social cognitive theory, individuals can change their behaviours depending on the environmental factors that surround them, the personal factors of the individuals and the attributes of the behaviour itself. The individuals must believe that they have the capacity to perform the new behaviour and they must also see the importance of adopting the new behaviour. If the individuals see the consequences of the behaviour to be positive, they will be willing to adopt the new behaviour and vice versa. This means that social learning will take place where the individuals can perceive the positive expectations to outdo the negative expectations (Alicia, 2004: p.1). If the individuals can visualize the positive benefits and see the importance of the change, they are likely to be motivated and to have more morale to carry out the changes in the behaviour. Self-efficacy is the most important aspect in this process and can be increased by: giving clear instructions that will allo w the change to be achieved, providing proper training that will enable the individuals to develop the skills required for the change to be achieved and trying to model the desired behaviour. 3. Analysis of the Case Study The MAS was established at the end of the nineteenth century. The aim was to offer emergency medical transport especially in transporting patients in critical conditions to hospitals as fast as possible. They offer first aid services to individuals that require the first aid services as they move them to places where they can be attended to. They provide first aid education to the public for free and in addition, they provide special facilities that can be used by individuals who require these special transport services in order to get to the hospital. In the late 1980s, MAS experienced intense criticism with the press analysing major events where the companys response to calls was very poor. The private sector had also tried to become very active and had started actively competing with the MAS. The financial status of the MAS had also been very poor. The service was recording losses every year. The relationship that existed between MAS management and the ambulance unions was not good. Many strikes, mistrust and tensions had always prevailed in the region and the media produced some articles on how the ambulance had been inadequate in dealing with some cases. In 1992, it was found that MAS was using some systems that were not integrated in terms of technology. As a result, the new government which was elected was concerned with the way the service was using the finances that the government had allocated to it. A review that was formed in 1992 to address the issue concluded that the MAS should restructure its management and structu re so that it could focus on improved technological systems so that the dispatch of ambulances could be strengthened. A John farmer was elected as the CEO and he wanted to use computer technology in managing emergency calls and in the management of finances. X-consultants were given the contract for providing the emergency system and were offered about $A32 million by the Victoria State Government. In 1994, the media produced records of delays by the company and the deaths that occurred as a result of those delays (Darren, 2004: p.1). The implementation strategy was flawed from the start because stakeholder had different objectives. The means the government was more focussed on reducing cost than employing the right agent for the project. The X-consultants agreed to an unrealistic timeframe in which to introduce the system (Darren, 2004). Implementation was scheduled to proceed in a Big Bang manner, with a switch over to the full system scheduled for 24 August 1995(Darren, 2004). The timeframe was obviously too short for the information system to be developed, tested and reviewed for further corrections. The fixed deadline imposed by the clients, without negotiation, became a major constraint on the project and proved to be a difficult hurdle for X-consultants (Darren, 2004). The CEO decided to use the plunge approach in implementing the new system in order to reduce cost. The methodology backfired and resulted into the failure of the new system. Other approaches such as parallel, pilot and phased approach should have been considered. Although these other approaches will not necessary minimise cost, the pace of the system implementation would have allowed for adjustment period to the new system (Zuboff, 1988). By May 1995, it became clear that X-consultants were unable to meet contract deadlines, while the media uncovered evidence of frequent system shut downs. (Darren, 2004). MAS officers began complaining to X-consultants and a heated row developed between the two organisations. (Darren, 2004).The obvious truth was that the ambulance union would have liked their members to do the despatching, rather than non-paramedic X-consultants civilians. (Darren 2004).This means the importance of the change has not been properly communicated. Resistance had developed within the organisation because MAS was not consulted about the need for change. The change was enacted by force instead by consultation from the stakeholders and users. The trade unions were ignored instead of been consulted to process change. The government and the CEO did not recognise the inability of sophisticated technology to overcome human and organisational issues(Darren, 2004). The government in conjunction with the CEO should have appropriate strategies to promote acceptance of the information system. They should have Involve employees in development of new systems to encourage a feeling of ownership (Mumford, 1979). Open lines of communication between employees and management should have been established (Land, 1992).The employees should be provided with information regarding system changes to preserve ownership (Jager, 1994). Morale-boosting activities should have been initiated, for example, company parties and newsletters, to promote community (Nord and Tucker, 1987). Standards could have been documented so new procedures are easy to learn and reference (Nord and Tucker, 1987). The CEO should have established in advance the demarcations of authority that will exist following changeover to clarify role definitions (Martinsons and Chong,1999). The CEO could have upgrade work environment following change e.g. more space and design for comfort, to improve atmosphere (Swanson, 1988). Job titles could have been altered to reflect increased responsibility to clarify job roles (Rivard, 1984). Show sympathy and be receptive to complaints following conversion to maintain user contact and trust ( Nord and Tucker,1987). Conduct orientation sessions to prepare for change (Rivard, 1984).Give job counselling to help users adjust (Holmes and Holmes, 1970). Organize group therapy to help users adjust (Hussain and Hussain, 1984). Retrain employees to be effective users of the new system (Aggarwal, 1998) According to Lewins planned theory, the first process that ought to have been discussed was if the change to privatise and outsource the emergency despatch system was necessary. If it was found to be necessary, the process of convincing the MAS of the importance of the change would begin. This would have taken sometime but at the end of the day, the individuals would have been convinced and would have embraced the need for change. The next process would have been identifying the driving forces and the restraining forces. When all these are identified, the goals that are destined are identified (Bessie, 2003: p.168). This will help in identifying the methods that will be used in achieving the corporate goals. The government together with the MAS could have sat down and negotiated on the requirements that would result in efficient distribution of the emergency services. Different companies that would have supplied the requirements would have been identified and the best one chosen. Th e barriers towards achieving these goals would also have been evaluated and ways of overcoming them designed. In unfreezing the status quo, the management together with some government officials will think of the specific areas that need change and these areas will eventually be destabilized. This will call for some processes that will involve the planned changes. The time that will be taken to establish the change may also be noted so that people may work and dedicate their efforts towards achieving the greater goal (Bessie, 2003: p.313). Much resistance should be expected as usual since some individuals will view the change as being stressful and may seem to lose focus. Reaching the equilibrium is not that easy and every member should be determined to make a change. This way, it will take less time to reach the destined goal. In dispatching the system, resistance is one of the expectations as individuals are not trained in working with computers and especially in the new software. The best training should be given to employees to ensure that they are confident in working with the new system. Appropriate software also ought to be developed so that there is no confusion in the software. The Lippits Phases of Change Theory could also have been used to address the issues that existed in the case study. Before taking any action, the government ought to have taken sometime to sit down with the MAS and see if there was a way that the problem could have been solved by making some changes. The first necessary process could have been diagnosing the problem and knowing why there were delays in releasing the ambulances that led to the death of many people. If a change was deemed fit for the process such as the proposed use of computers in call taking, the motivation and capacity for change could have been necessary before implementing it. Some agents like facilitators and experts could have been identified to help in the process of change. Determination of the capacity of the change agent to attain the required change is also necessary when using the Lippits Phases of Change Theory (Alicia, 2004: p.1). The power, stamina and commitment to change are important and therefore, the company should be very keen in selecting the change agents. The strategies that were to be used to help accomplish the change could have been identified and the change agents assigned the roles that they should play in the process. Proper communication between the change agents and the members of the company is necessary as it will allow the members to get the details about the change. 4. Conclusion The Victoria government in conjunction should have applied better I.T information system implementation approaches and better strategies to implement acceptance. Before proposing change, an analysis ought to have been done to determine if the change was necessary and if the capacity for change was available. Most of the processes failed because the companies together with the government never attempted to analyze the problem in hand before proposing the change. Again, after proposing the change, no analysis was done to see if the implementation of the change was possible and if so, whether the change would have any impact on the current process. References Alicia, K. (2004). Comparison of Change Theories. Retrieved on 19-Nov-09 from http://www.nationalforum.com/Electronic%20Journal%20Volumes/Kritsonis,%20Alicia%20Comparison%20of%20Change%20Theories.pdf Anderson E.F (1985). Managerial considerations in participative design of MIS/DSS, Information Management 9(4) pp. 201-207 . Aggarwal A.K (1998). End user training revisited, Journal of End User Computing 10(3) pp. 32-33. Bandura, A. (1986), Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ Bessie, L. M. (2003). Leadership Roles and Management Functions in Nursing: Theory and Application. London: McMillan Publishers, 166-172. Becker, L. K. (2003): Related Risk of injury and death in ambulances and other emergency vehicles. Cambridge: Cambridge University press, 231-233. Darren, D. (2004). Emergency: Implementing an Ambulance Despatch System. UK: IDEA Group Publishing. Retrieved on 18-Nov-09 from http://www.infoscijournals.com/downloadPDF/pdf/IT5715_ZFAV6bdOJK.pdf Efraim, T. Linda, V. (2010): Information technology for management: Transforming organizations in the digital economy: 7th edn. Asia: John Wiley and sons. Geoff, C. (2009): The medical Priority and Dispatch System. Retrieved on 18-Nov-09 from http://www.emergencydispatch.org/articles/ArticleMPDS%28Cady%29.html Gardner D.G. Dukes R.L., Discenza R. (1993).Self-confidence and attitudes: a causal analysis, Computers in Human Behavior 9(3) pp. 427-440. Holmes T.S Holmes T.H (1970): Short-term intrusions into lifestyle routines, Journal of Psychosomatic Research 14 pp. 121-132. Hussain D. Hussain K.M (1984): Information Resource Management, Irwin, Homewood, IL. Henry, S. (1994). The origin of medical terms: Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins Jager P.de (1994): Communicating in times of change, Journal of Systems Management pp. 28-30. James, J.J., Waleed, A.M Gary, K. (1999): â€Å"User resistance and strategies for promoting acceptance across system types† Information management, 37(2000), pp 25-36. Lex, D. (2000): American Anti-Management Theories of Organization: A Critique of Paradigm Proliferation, 312-314. Land F.F (1992) .The management of change: guidelines for the successful implementation of information systems, in A. Brown (Ed.), Creating a Business-based IT Strategy, Chapman Hall, London, UK, pp. 145-157. Lippitt, R., Watson, J. and Westley, B.: The Dynamics of Planned Change. New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1958 Mumford E. (1979): Human values and the introduction of technological change, Manchester Business School Review 3(2), pp. 13-17. Mumford E. (1981): Participation -what does it mean and how can it be achieved, Manchester Business School Review 5(3) pp. 7-11. Mumford E. (1993): The ETHICS Approach, Communications of the ACM 36(6) pp. 82. Melanie, N. (2002): Theoretical Basis for Nursing. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 369-373. Miller, D. Friesen, P. (1982): ‘Innovation in conservative and entrepreneurial firms: two models of strategic momentum: Strategic management journal, vol3, pp. 1-25. Martinsons M.G Chong P.K.C (1982): The influence of human factors and specialist involvement on information systems success, Human Relations 52(1) (1999), pp. 123-152. Nord W.R. Tucker S.(1987). Implementing Routine and Radical Innovation, Lexington, Lexington Books, MA. Phillip, J. (2004). Ford to gasoline ambulance in 2010 Rivard S. (1984): Successful implementation on end-user computing, Interfaces 17(3) pp. 25-33. Swanson E.B (1988). Information systems implementation: bridging the gap between design and utilization, Irwin, Homewood, IL. Tony, B. (2004): The Principles and Practice of Educational Management. New York: Sage Publishers, 123-124. Zuboff S. (1988). In the Age of the Smart Machine: The Future of Work and Power, Basic Books, New York.